The Bell Jar

Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest The bell jar and one flew over the cuckoo's nest can be linked considerably. Both novels are set in 1950†² America post the ‘cold war' an era where conformity and obedience is a norm and anything that impairs it isn't seen as a benefit to society. Both novels explore themes such as paranoia, suspicion and mental health. The Bell Jar has a significant opening with the first sentence that mentions the execution of the Rosenbergs â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted theRosenbergs† The opening immediately foreshadows the expectations that arrive in the novel in addition how society at the time behaved and based assumptions on. The fact that the sentence first opens with the description of electrocution has a major impact as the electrocution is a chilling topic that Esther has to encounter throughout the novel, as the subject of electrocution has been deliberately made important in the first chapter it reflects Es ther's severe perception of the subject its self.Furthermore in chapter 1 It is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an mportant role in the chapter â€Å"Goggle-eyed headlines staring up at me on every street corner† the suggestion that society segregated members for having a view point and opinion on controversial topics, and the fact members had to conform if not there will be raised issues and suspicion. In comparison the opening chapter of One flew over the cuckoos nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to question who and what Is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding Individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us Into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their Imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking Imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, Ilke some black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this Imagery puts the reader In the position that we start to realise that death Is forever following Esther and It Is a reoccurring threat to her and the Idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's In her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoos nest It Is also written In the first person narrative through the eyes of a mental health patient, similarly to the Bell Jar we are placed Into a mind of a patient that Isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a significant Impact on the questioning In what Is normal or not.The Bell Jar By rzerroukil self. Furthermore in chapter 1 it is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an One flew over the cuckoo's nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to q uestion who and what is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, like some lack, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this imagery puts the reader in the position that we start to realise that death is forever following Esther and it is a reoccurring threat to her and the idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's in her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoo's nest it is also written in Bell Jar we are placed into a mind of a patient that isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a sign ificant impact on the questioning in what is normal or not. The Bell Jar Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest The bell jar and one flew over the cuckoo's nest can be linked considerably. Both novels are set in 1950†² America post the ‘cold war' an era where conformity and obedience is a norm and anything that impairs it isn't seen as a benefit to society. Both novels explore themes such as paranoia, suspicion and mental health. The Bell Jar has a significant opening with the first sentence that mentions the execution of the Rosenbergs â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted theRosenbergs† The opening immediately foreshadows the expectations that arrive in the novel in addition how society at the time behaved and based assumptions on. The fact that the sentence first opens with the description of electrocution has a major impact as the electrocution is a chilling topic that Esther has to encounter throughout the novel, as the subject of electrocution has been deliberately made important in the first chapter it reflects Es ther's severe perception of the subject its self.Furthermore in chapter 1 It is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an mportant role in the chapter â€Å"Goggle-eyed headlines staring up at me on every street corner† the suggestion that society segregated members for having a view point and opinion on controversial topics, and the fact members had to conform if not there will be raised issues and suspicion. In comparison the opening chapter of One flew over the cuckoos nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to question who and what Is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding Individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us Into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their Imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking Imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, Ilke some black, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this Imagery puts the reader In the position that we start to realise that death Is forever following Esther and It Is a reoccurring threat to her and the Idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's In her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoos nest It Is also written In the first person narrative through the eyes of a mental health patient, similarly to the Bell Jar we are placed Into a mind of a patient that Isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a significant Impact on the questioning In what Is normal or not.The Bell Jar By rzerroukil self. Furthermore in chapter 1 it is assumed that paranoia and suspicion also have an One flew over the cuckoo's nest also starts with paranoia and suspicion â€Å"They are out there† this condemns the audience to q uestion who and what is out there, a ideology that 1950's America was secluding individuals on opinions and mental health.Both of the novels are written in first person narratives which directly parks us into the state of mind of the characters allowing us to ponder and take upon their imagination to perceive the world as they do such as the striking imagery we receive. â€Å"l felt as though I were carrying that cadavers head around with me on a string, like some lack, noseless balloon stinking of vinegar† this imagery puts the reader in the position that we start to realise that death is forever following Esther and it is a reoccurring threat to her and the idea of her not conforming.Through her first person narrative we are able to place our self's in her position and see the world from her eyes. In comparison to one flew over the cuckoo's nest it is also written in Bell Jar we are placed into a mind of a patient that isn't condemned as ‘sane' so therefore has a sign ificant impact on the questioning in what is normal or not.

A True Friend: Is Always There for You Essay

The story begun when I came to this school in Form 1. I have no friends and I’m afraid with new surrounding. I checked my name on the board. I was into class 1 inisiatif. When I got into the class, everyone stared at me. I don’t know whats going on. So I just take a seat and keep calmed. A few months later, I had to move to class 1 cendekia. I have my old friends there. But she’s not my closest friend. Everyone does not care about me. Nobody want to ask me anything. Maybe I’m too shy to meet and greet them. The time has changed, when there was a girl, who has just moved back to school from boarding school seated infront of me. That girl was so pretty, skinny and gorgeous to me. I was wondering if she will be my friend one day. Suddenly, she asked me, â€Å" can I borrow your correction tape?† and I said â€Å"sure†. I got into mad situation when she used the correction tape onto the table. Since then, I had a negative thinking about her. Mayb e I’m too childish. She knows that I’m mad to her. But she doesn’t care at all. Since then i know her name is Nur Daniella. The time had passed, when we were in form 2. All the students in form 1 still same class with me. I have many good friends right now. End of school holidays, Daniella and i suddenly get into this friendship. I don’t know how and i don’t care. Now i totally forgive and forget about the ‘correction tape’ thing. We shopping together to buy new things for next shoolyear. Most of the things we had buy, there are all same. Our bottles same colour, our shoes, pencilbox, watch and many more. We like it that way. When we were in form 3, our friends ask me and her why we buy same thing, colour and design. Maybe they felt too weird because Daniella and i was not a really good friend before and maybe they’re too jealousy because i treat Daniella all those thing. I ask her how she get used in those kind of situation. She said â€Å" just ignored what they said†. Since that day, we came back from school together. Even i’m not pretty and clever as well like her, she doesn’t care at all because she knows the true meaning of friendship. Friendship is not about the beautiness and cleverness thing. Now she’s the best thing that ever been mine. Every secret and stories, she will share with me. So do i. I’m afraid of losing her one day. But we have one and only promise that we made. We want to further our studies in united kingdom. We pray to god, so we can get excellent result and further our studies there. Every sadness, happiness, our love story we share together until now. In a day, we must call each other and we hang for about one hour for just gossiping. No one can break our friendship ties. She asked me to read her blogs that she made just for me. I had cried all the way i read those thing. Now i realise, she ’s my only one bestfriend. She understand me so much. When i’m hurt but i’m tried to avoid from showing that i’m hurt, she knows deep in my heart, i was hurt. She would ask me if i’m okay. No one noticed me when i’m hurt except her. I feel so grateful for having this kind of bestfriend. I had lived since 16 years ago and this is the true friend that i’ve waiting for. When someone tries to be her friend or start chatting with her, i’m jealous. As i said before, i just afraid of losing her in my life. many of my friends had betrayed me. It makes me feel there is no such a good friend in this world until this girl came into my life. I am so grateful for having her in my life. I hope one day our dream comes true. She had taught me how to grow up and be cool in life. She had taught me the true meaning of friendship. Now i realise the value of a true friend.

Linen textile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Linen textile - Research Paper Example However, most of the finds of early flax cultivation relate to the Iron Age. They show that perennial narrow-leafed flax was cultivated all across Europe as far as Scandinavia. (Gunnsdottir). In ancient Egypt, Flax was grown on a large scale in the 4th millennium BC. Ancient Egyptians used Flax for making gowns and tunics. The fine bandages with which, the mummies were wrapped were also made of Flax fibers. Its frequent use by ancient Egyptians could be attributed to its extremely fine quality and durability. â€Å"Amazingly enough, when the tomb of Pharaoh Ramesses II, who died in 1213 BC, was discovered in 1881, his linen wrappings were in a state of perfect preservation† (World Linen). Likewise, the linen curtains in King Tut’s tomb had not warped away a bit. Textile industry was the main promoter of the economy of Egypt during the Islamic period. Tennis and Alexandria provided linen fabrics to the Byzantine Empire. Linen tunics were worn by people of ancient Greece. Summer tunics of ancient Romans were also commonly made of linen. Linen was largely employed as a clothing staple in the middle ages. Most of the undergarments were made in linen since it wa s comfortable to wear and felt cool and light to wear. It was also easily washable. Linen was also woven at home for making dresses for women. Flax was brought to Europe, America and India as trade routes expanded. Linen was used in a whole range of ways in the past and is still an extremely stylish and luxurious fabric. Some of the most frequently used types of linen were butchers’ linen, heavy bleached linen and damask. Today, linen is used for making both ordinary and fashion wear. In the contemporary age, France, China, Belgium, and Holland are the four prime producers of the linen textile. They have been named here in order of their production level with France producing the largest amount of linen and Holland producing the least of the four. On a yearly basis, France produced 64000 tons of

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Human resource - Essay Example Human resource management also has the responsibility to build a good relationship between employees and management; once goodwill is established, employees will work effectively towards achieving the goals laid down by the organization. Human resource management is also strategic in nature. It assists the organization in attaining its goals by taking care of the needs of its employees and motivates them to align their personal goals with those of the organization. In the context of human resource management, there is no universal model for managing employees that is applicable on a global level. There are basically three types of HRM models being practiced worldwide namely, the European model of HRM, American model of HRM and National/Asian model of HRM. The reason for this classification is strictly based on two factors: Beyer (1991) states in his book what truly determines the success of an organization is its human resource management. When you look at the management literature, you will see that a lot has been written and discussed about Asian (mostly Japanese) and US models of human resource management and rarely would you come across anything that is related to the human resource management of Europe. This is because of the trade union legislations, history, culture, employment laws that vary from one country to the other within Europe. According to Brewster, C. (1993), the presence of unions is significant however; the meaning, concept and reliability of these unions are different in all European countries. In countries such as Germany and France, the laws have made it mandatory for all organization to consult unions regarding the strength and size of employees whereas in other European countries, there is no existence of such rules. The importance of unions can be understood from the fact that there is a certain percentage of union membership of working residents such as for

UK Tax System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

UK Tax System - Essay Example With the government's source taken from the public taxation always greater than the amount that is intended for use by the government, taxes are levied to fund several programs. Other governmental policies are also geared towards the redistribution of wealth from the rich and poor respectively in relief operations, public education, social security benefits and reparations. However, fundamental methods of collection are not foolproof and possibilities for inefficiencies are always prevalent. Tax policies being a highly political and controversial issue do require extensive analysis and determination on its viability to gain the paying sector's acceptance and economic performance. The neo-classical economic theories whose studies believe that taxation brings about economic inefficiencies have suggested changes in the tax systems that would work to minimise the distortion. Tax remittances of the ordinary working sector accommodating deficiencies brought about by certain deficits were s een as the basis for the recognition of its disadvantages. However the complexities of the British Tax system have served to greatly increase the stress and expense to millions of taxpayers as tax season approaches in Kay(1990)1. Simplification of the British tax system has allowed the common platforms of many political parties in grandstanding tax rules and exemptions. Disadvantages in the assessment, calculation and collection of taxes are often criticized as ineffective and administratively expensive according to Emes and Clemens (2001)2. Determined to maintain absolute performance of the economy, changes were aimed at creating several programs that redistribute wealth and prosperity to all. Tax cuts became a scene in fiscal reforms that has announced reductions in income taxes and simplification of the system which focused on the tax laws themselves without upsetting the current balance of tax burdens or taxes paid by the individual. Alternative tax base system was introduced that basically focused on income, expense and wealth. Income derivatives in the corporate ladder include Value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes while individual income tax has pre-existed along with social insurance continuity. On investment and entrepreneurship, under expenditures or consumption taxes, capital gains and sales taxation is considered tentative in nature. Property tax summarized under wealth taxation has gained support claiming that anti-wealth tax is funded by a coterie of wealthy taxpayers whose instinctive rejection of the sys tem comes from the broad aspiration to become wealthier and amass more fortune by any means. Income derived from gainful employment; pensions; shares and dividends; interest on savings and trust and rentals is deemed taxable at a certain level. Forming the bulk of revenues for the British government, each earning person below the age of 65 is afforded an income tax allowance or a tax-free allowance each year of 5,035Gbp. For earning persons of over 65 but below 74, any income above 7,280Gbp is taxable while elderly individuals whose income is below 7,420 are exempted from paying taxes. But where income is in excess of one's tax-free allowance, taxation is based on the age-related allowance. Earners, whose income is 1 to 2,150 above their mandated tax allowance, shall enjoy a flat 10% tax rate. Those whose accumulated gross

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

American history - Essay Example Walt should join this March as it was influential to the cessation of the war in Vietnam. He should join the protests because the protest was largely peaceful and led to a global phenomenon of peaceful demonstrations against the war. Given the fact that these protests and moratoria were mostly led by students and activists, Walt would be wise to join because he would become part of a major historical event whose multiplier effect led to the end of the War, 6 years later. If Walt fails to take my advice and choose to land in 1968, Walt will be faced with the Chicano Movement demonstrations. The movement led to demonstrations for a better educational reform for Mexican-American students in Los Angeles. More student demonstrations took place in L.A because the Chicano students felt there was unequal treatment in the American Educational system. Thousands of Mexican-American students from the five major schools in L.A pushed for a bilingual and bicultural education using their motto, â€Å"Chicano Power.† It will be unwise for Walt to join the demonstrations because he would be an outcast since white students did not participate in this demonstration and also because a number of protesters were injured, arrested and charged with felony. Since Walt loves politics, he should join Richard Nixon’s presidential campaigns and shun off Hubert Humphrey’s campaigns as it is not wise to align himself with a loser. At the end of the month in C hicago, police demonstrated against antiwar demonstrators. Walt should join this demonstration as it is an important part of the protests against the controversial Vietnam War. Democratic National Convention nominates Hubert Humphrey as its candidate for presidency (Provisions of the Constitution and United States Code Relating to Presidential Elections, par 5). Richard Nixon wins the November elections, which makes Walt’s support

The Music Of The Worlds Peoples 3rd Ed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Music Of The Worlds Peoples 3rd Ed - Essay Example The people of the Baaka used music to maintain their culture. To them, music formed a means through which they communicated to the gods and their ancestors. That way, music enhanced their spirituality (Titon et al., 2009). Among the uses of music in the Baaka culture are initiation rituals, healing rituals, and entertainment. Among the instruments the Baaka people use in their music include the harp-zither, cylindrical drums, lamellaphones, the arched harp, and rattles. Others include the musical bow, flute, and water drums. Being a hunting community, the Baraka's music usually revolved around hunting. For example, the molimo ceremony involved a lot of mimicking the sounds of wild animals. 3. Ewe Music Culture and the Agbekor The Agbekor is a West African type of music that involves singing and drumming. It originated as a war dance among the Ewe-speaking people. The music involves a percussion ensemble accompanied by a chorus of singers. The lead drumming is a complex ensemble of dr ums, bells, and rattles. That gives it a rich polyrhythmic texture. According to legend, Agbekor developed from hunters who observed monkeys in the forest. The monkeys would beat drums with sticks and dance. The hunters developed customs and could play the different instrument during certain times. Through performing the monkey dance during some of their hunting rituals, other people were able to learn the dance and later founded it as a proper dance. Originally, the Ewe performed the Agbekor as a war dance.

A Manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Manifesto - Essay Example With regard to its aesthetic qualities, it has the qualities of beauty, harmony and symmetry where none can be taken or added that would not impair the totality of the design. My initial role in design is to first learn to create a good design. A good design requires multidisciplinary approach which includes ability to draw, manipulate computer, take pictures, understand color theories and to create concepts through images that people could understand. After learning these things, my role then transformed to be able inspire, create, improve and learn. I believe that a good design is a product of inspired moment that is aptly captured and have physical attribute for others to be inspired as well. That process of giving inspiration a physical attribute so that others may see is the creative process of rendering the inspiration. This creative process however is never completed and must constantly be improved to optimize the best design possible. On my end, I must also continue to learn so that I can better render the inspiration that I have. I treat design as an artwork. My value towards it similar to fine artists and painters who would first look and feel for an inspiration and then make that emotion to be felt in their work. I could also say that my life is reflected in my designs. It is because my design is the expression of myself. And myself is the collection of my experience, knowledge, beliefs, hopes, aspirations, my sense of beauty, or anything that made me a person. And this is expressed and seen in my design. Getting it out of me to make a good design is not an easy process and could take time but I believe that it will be worth the effort because the output would surely be beautiful. My personal values about design are a lot. Firstly, I truly believe that art imitates life. In this aspect, graphic design is one of the expressions of art. Design is an expression

Developing Early Warning System for Peace and Security in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Developing Early Warning System for Peace and Security in Nigeria Essay 1. Brief Demographic Background of Nigeria: The demographic characteristics of Nigeria set the platform for an understanding of the case for conflict based National early warning system. A historical analysis of major conflicts in Nigeria since independence points to strong linkages to its demographic composition. It has been unarguably regarded as the most populous country in the Africa and also accounts for half of the entire population of West Africa. The last census exercise in 2007 conducted by the Nigeria Population Commision (NPC) put the country’s population at over 140 million. (NPC, 2006). Politically, it practices a three tier federal system of government comprising the Federal, State and Local Government Councils which implies relative levels of autonomy in governance as well as oversight and control which many political analyst has attributed as a mixture of British Parliamentary and U.S Presidential system of governance. It has 36 states with a Federal Capital Territory at Abuja. These are further sub-divided into 774 semi-autonomous local government councils. For political and economic exigencies of governance and development, it is segregated into what is referred to as six geo political zones which include the North Central, North East, North West, South East, South South and South West. With over 240 ethnic groups spread across the country, the challenges of representation, equity in political representation as well as economic accessibility has been the bedrock of many diverse conflicts in the country. This is further complicated by the heterogeneous mixture of Christian and Muslim religion greatly polarised between the Christian south and Muslim Northern region. (op cit.)The population of traditional religion is sparsely located across the six geo-political zones of the country. Despite the immense rich natural resources in the country, crude oil located at the south south, south east and south west geo political zones of the country remain the major revenue source for the country and also the major source of various causative factors of conflict in Nigeria which has led to its reference in many social science research cycles as the ‘resource curse’ to the extent that the country is now considered one of the 20 poorest countries in the world. Over 70% of the population is classified as poor, with 35 percent living in absolute poverty. This is especially severe in rural areas, where social services are limited or non existent. 2. The Peace and Security Dimension in Nigeria: In contrast, Nigeria’s complex political, socio-cultural and economic diversity has been a source of varied and multiple levels of conflicts and humanitarian crises with implication to sustainable peace, security and development within the country and the West Africa sub region. A retrospection of these conflicts highlights six basic conflict types that have pervaded the country in the last two decades. These include communal conflicts, chieftaincy conflicts, ethno-religious conflicts, oil related conflicts, election related conflicts and agro-pastoralist conflicts. These conflicts are the outcome of the deep rooted causal factors of poverty, poor/bad governance and inequitable distribution of resources and development across the country. Between 1999 to 2010 for instance there has been an estimated death of 14,000 people from various levels of these conflicts across the country and about 750,000 – 850,000 Internally displaced persons.(Internal Displacement Monitoring, 2007) Based on the lack of mechanisms to address the root cause of these conflicts, it has continued to reoccur, intensify and impact negatively in Nigerian societies to the extent of creating viscious cycles of violence and complex humanitarian crises. Communities experiencing these conflicts have remained vulnerable and usually face the risks of further conflicts and distablity. Based on the recurrence of these conflicts,the communities have been tagged, ‘flashpoints of conflict’, unusually disaggregated across geo political lines or constellations. 3. The concept of Early Warning for Peace and Security: Based on the negative impact of conflicts to development and human security, there is increasing paradigm shift from conflict resolution mechanisms regarded as reactive to conflict prevention mechanisms which is seen as more proactive and has the capacity to prevent or mitigate destructive conflict or humanitarian crises globally. As core element of conflict prevention, early warning has increasingly gained prominence, credibility and efficiency as a preventive mechanism and solution to conflicts in societies. By definition, Early Warning has been described as a process of communicating judgements about threats early enough for decision-makers to take action to deter whatever outcome is threatened; or failing that, to manage events in such a way that the worst consequences are mitigated† (WANEP: 2008). Dmitrichev Andrei defined it as organizational procedure or mechanism for the structures and systemic collection and analysis of information, and the subsequent communication of results of this analysis to policy makers in a form that would be easily recognized and understood. The recognition and appreciation of the opportunities inherent in this system resulted in the first organised platform for the systematic development of the early warning system led by the Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (F.E.W.E.R.) in 1997 in response to the Rwandan genocide of 1994. It blossomed to become the largest global network of over thirty five (35) organisations across the world that catalysed the creation of the early warning and response networks in the Caucasus (led by EAWARN/Russian Academy of Sciences), Great Lakes Region of Africa (led by the Africa Peace Forum) and West Africa(led the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding) WANEP. Further impetus to the adoption and institutionalisation of the early warning system was boosted by the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan when he stated that, â€Å"For the United Nations, there is no larger goal, no deeper commitment and no greater ambition than preventing armed conflict. The prevention of conflict begins and ends with the protection of human life and the promotion of human development. Ensuring human security is, in the broadest sense, the United Nations’ cardinal mission. Genuine and lasting prevention is the means to achieve that mission. (Koffi Annan: 2001) This further gave rise to the UN Security Council Resolution 1624 of 2005 with the following core declarations: 1. Reaffirms the need to adopt a broad strategy of conflict prevention, which addresses the root causes of armed conflict and political social crises in a comprehensive manner, including by promoting sustainable development, poverty eradication, national reconciliation, good governance, democracy, gender equality, the rule of law and respect for and protection of human rights; 2. Recognises the need to strengthen the important role of the United Nations in the prevention of violent conflicts, and to develop effective partnerships between the Council and regional organisations, in particular the African Union and its sub regional organisations, in order to enable early responses to disputes and emerging crises; 3. Affirms the UN commitment in â€Å"supporting regional and sub regional capacities for early warning to help them in working out appropriate mechanisms to enable prompt action in reaction to early warning indicators; 4. Recognises the important supporting roles played by civil society, men and women, in conflict prevention and the need to take into account all possible contributions from civil society; 5. Supporting regional and sub regional capacities for early warning to help them in working out appropriate mechanisms to enable prompt action in reaction to early warning indicators; 6. Promote coordination with regional conflict management machinery in Africa which provide the Security Council with additional reliable and timely information to facilitate rapid decision-making; 7. Strengthen the capacities of civil society groups, including women’s groups, working to promote a culture of peace, and to mobilise donors to support these efforts (UN: 2005) 4. Developing Institutional Platform for conflict Early Warning System: Reflecting on WANEP-Nigeria’s Experience: The participation and commitment of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) to the FEWER platform strengthened its capacity and hands on skill for civil society based analysis and response mechanisms towards the prevention or mitigation of conflict especially within the great lake region following the post Sierra Leone and Liberian Conflicts of 90’s. This deepened its regional expertise as the reference point for early warning system in the West Africa sub region and subsequently the network of choice for the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) in the implementation of the regional based ECOWAS Early Warning and Response Network (ECOWARN). The system principally works through three basic components of reporting/data gathering, analysis and information dissemination utilised to facilitate response to issues of peace and security within the ECOWAS sub region. WANEP became the civil society partner with ECOWAS in the implementation ECOWARN since 2006. As part of the WANEP regional network, WANEP-Nigeria was mandated as the national civil society focal point to report into the online ECOWARN system. Its task was to provide weekly and daily reports to the incidence and situation reporting template as designed into the online system. This was to give ECOWARN an up to date civil society perspective of the peace and human security threats and opportunities in Nigeria. With the participation of Nigeria in this process came ominous challenges. 1. The first was the pressure from the focal points at Lagos secretariat of WANEP-Nigeria to deliver credible reports in relation to the size of Nigeria 2. With the size of Nigeria, the focal point concentrated in getting information from national newspapers, television and radio For the focal points who were staff of WANEP, it was included as part of their job responsibility. They relied on making phone calls to members of WANEP at the state levels for local or peculiar peace and security information that was not reported in the national media. However, these information were reluctantly or half-hazardly given and also cost intensive to the staff as they often bore liability for these calls. This challenge was partially cushioned when ECOWAS resolved to pay reporters communication allowance in 2007/2008. Inspite of this, the feedback from member organizations providing information at the state level was still half hazard and questionable. To redress this challenge, the program team at the national secretariat organized a brainstorm meeting to develop a framework for a workable national early warning system that not only ensures commitment of member organizations to support the system but also is both functional and cost effective. The first trial system was developed for the Nigeria 2007 elections. An Information, Communication and Technology (I.C.T.) consultant was engaged that worked directly with the program team to capture specific indicators to monitor election related conflicts in what was referred to as the ‘election barometer’. The cost of developing the barometer was wholly borne by the secretariat while the election monitoring was performed by staf f who volunteered to report into the system as an experiential learning process to enhance their understanding of the EW system. The experience motivated the secretariat to consciously plan for a conflict intervention proposal which includes an aspect of a sustainable/operational national early warning system. The submission and approval of the proposal by international partners led WANEP-Nigeria to develop the first locally designed and operated conflict focused National Early Warning system.

The Human Function in Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

The Human Function in Plato and Aristotle Essay Plato and Aristotle have similar perspectives about human function. They also share some of their ideas about how human function is related to other philosophical notions such as virtue, good, justice, and the soul. According to Aristotle the chief good (and the human function, which has its end in itself) is happiness. But his definition of happiness is different from what ordinary people usually think. Happiness is neither pleasure nor wealth, nor is it even a kind of honor (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 5). It is rather a final state and all human activities attempt to reach this final state. Plato holds that the human function is justice and that it ensures happiness for both the individual and the society when practiced correctly. But this ideal of justice is not for individuals who have special professions or â€Å"crafts. † Justice is rather an ideal that every person should pursue for himself/herself. While their definitions seem to be more or less similar, the two philosophers differ on the relative importance of these notions. That is to say, while according to Plato justice is the most important ideal (and happiness is its derivative), Aristotle holds the opinion that happiness is the most significant good which has its end in itself. A correct definition of happiness however is not simple pleasure, according to Aristotle, but a state of moral well-being (which assumes both justice and virtue.) The two philosophers agree on the issue that in order to be happy, we must exercise our human function (and reach the ideals this function requires). They also seem to agree that the human function (justice for Plato, happiness for Aristotle) is impossible to exercise without being virtuous. All these concepts refer to each other and they sometimes even seem more or less equal. This paper will therefore argue that the two philosophers share similar views on the nature of the human function and how happiness and virtue relate to this notion. It will also be argued, however, that they disagree on the relative importance of these concepts (and that some of their philosophical definitions are different). The human function in Book I of Plato’s Republic is defined towards the end of the book, on pages 29 to 31. Plato’s definition of the human function comes after a long and complex argument on the nature of wealth, justice, craft, and virtue (and how they all refer to each other). Plato does not seem to favor the particular idea that justice is a kind of craft [techne] (Republic, 7.) â€Å"Craft† here is taken to mean something similar to â€Å"business† or â€Å"expertise† and some crafts mentioned in that part of the dialogue are: cooking, medicine, boatbuilding, horse breeding, being the captain of a ship, lyre playing, â€Å"soldiery and musicianship† etc (Republic 6-9). What all these crafts have in common is that they are individualistic and not universal. Justice will therefore differ from this definition because the exercise of justice is a universal goal. Justice therefore cannot be a kind of techne and there are two major reasons for this exclusion. The first reason is that if justice is a kind of techne, then only those who have justice as their profession would be expected to exercise justice, as opposed to all human beings (only those who have justice as their profession). It makes no difference whether an individual is a cook or a doctor or a boat-builder or a horse breeder in that regard: every professional individual is expected to be just and virtuous in his/her life. The second reason is related to the earlier discussion about the nature of wealth and how it relates to happiness and morality. If justice is a kind of techne, that would mean that the person who exercises justice could make money out of it, being a professional. â€Å"Justice† in that regard would be nothing but another kind of business to earn a living. Plato however rejects this idea very strongly: justice cannot be bought or sold. Justice is a kind of human good but it is neither material nor has a fixed price. Justice is superior to wealth, since it is â€Å"a thing more valuable than even a large quantity of gold† (Republic, 13). When we come to the final pages of Book I, we see that Socrates gives the example of the human body to illustrate what justice means. The specific function of the human ear is to hear, the specific function of the human eye is to see, etc. And the function of the human body as a whole is to be healthy and harmonious. The soul has the special function of ruling over the body in a way that will ensure the happiness of the whole. That is the say, the soul is responsible for both its own happiness and the well-being of the body (which it commands). There are strong political implications of this statement: the rulers of a city are responsible for the happiness of the people they rule (like good shepherds). Moving over to Aristotle, we see that the Nicomachean Ethics opens with a similar discussion about the nature of crafts and how they refer to notions of justice. Aristotle claims that â€Å"where there are ends apart from the actions, it is the nature of the products to be better than the activities† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 1). This distinction is of great importance. Aristotle draws a line between goals and actions: actions are towards the fulfillment of goals. Aristotle, like Plato, lists several professions and remarks that these â€Å"arts† have specific goals. The art of strategy has as its goal victory, the â€Å"medical art† has as its goal health, the art of shipbuilding has as its goal the construction of a vessel, etc (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 1). But these specific goals cannot stand for the human function by themselves. Just like Plato, Aristotle dismisses the idea that justice is any kind of craft. Chapter 2 of Nicomachean Ethics explains this idea powerfully. According to Aristotle, politics is the â€Å"most authoritative art and that which is most truly the master art. † Politics â€Å"uses the rest of the sciences† and therefore â€Å"the end of this science must include those of the others. † Aristotle also claims that this goal (justice) is the same for both â€Å"a single man and for a state. † We may perhaps paraphrase this as: justice for individuals concerns ethics, justice for society concerns politics. We may furthermore claim that, while the human function on the level of individuals is the exercise of virtue, the human function on the level of societies would be political justice. When an individual is virtuous he can reach happiness. When a community exercises justice (or has just rulers) they can reach happiness as a whole. Plato and Aristotle reach very similar conclusions and even though they seem to be discussing justice on an individual level at first, soon we understand that their real intention is to discuss politics. The conclusions they draw (and even the examples they use) concern communities and in particular, the city-state [polis]. Another important aspect of the human function is the exercise of reason. Aristotle, in the Nicomachean Ethics, defines reason as the characteristic human trait (the main distinction between an animal and human being). According to Aristotle, biological facts such as â€Å"nutrition and growth† cannot be considered as characteristically human traits. Even the â€Å"life of perception† cannot be called the human function because â€Å"it also seems to be common to the horse, the ox, and every animal† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 7). Aristotle finally arrives at a definition of the human function which includes virtue, reason, and goodness: â€Å"human good turns out to be the activity of soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete† (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 7). The human good (or the human function) is therefore the activity of the rational soul and not the human body. â€Å"By human virtue we mean not that of the body but that of the soul; and happiness also we call an activity of soul† says Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics, Chapter 13). Plato, interestingly, uses the same example of the soul to explain justice. â€Å"Justice is a soul’s virtue† is what Socrates says in Book I of The Republic. The soul (which is rational) is superior to the body just as a good ruler is superior to the people he rules over. Both Aristotle and Plato have same approach on whether virtue has an essential role in the pursuit of happiness. Neither Plato nor Aristotle can imagine happiness without justice and virtue. The relation between virtue and happiness, according to Aristotle, is the relation between an activity and a product. When we consider the totality of his arguments in Book I, it becomes clear that virtue is the activity and happiness is the product. Happiness therefore is superior to virtue: virtue is how an individual reaches happiness. Happiness is its own purpose: it is a final state and all human activities attempt to reach this state. Whether Plato would make such a distinction is unclear. His definition of virtue is somewhat different from the modern term. According to Plato, virtue is not exclusively moral (even though the moral aspect is perhaps the most important). Plato defines virtue [arete] as what makes a good dog good, or a good horse good, or a good human good, etc (Republic, 10-11). Arete in this sense â€Å"applies to things (such as knives) which are not moral agents† (footnote, page 11). Socrates however, through Book I of The Republic, refutes Thrasymachus’ view that justice is simply the advantage of the stronger. Thrasymachus’ view is amoral and Plato rejects this view very strongly. From this we may perhaps infer that the most important aspect of virtue is its moral aspect. This definition of arete is also a description of the human function (i. e. what makes a human a human). The two philosophers, therefore, are in agreement on the issue that virtue, reason, and justice are significant aspects of human happiness. The four concepts are interrelated and each would be a good candidate for the human function. Aristotle formulates the human function as â€Å"the activity of soul in accordance with virtue. † Plato however does not reach at a fixed formula by the end of Republic, Book I. We are told that humans indeed have a function (just as organs like ears and eyes do, on page 29) and that it is impossible for the whole to be healthy unless every part is performing its function in a satisfactory manner. We are also told that every specific organ or individual has a specific kind of virtue without which they would â€Å"perform their function badly† (Republic, 30). The final addition to this argument is that it is impossible for a human being to be happy without the exercise of virtue and justice (Republic, 31). However, the exact definition of justice (without which it is impossible to define happiness) is not given at the end of Book I. Socrates makes an admission of this inability towards the end: â€Å"for when I do not know what justice is, I will hardly know whether it is a kind of virtue or not, or whether a person who has it is happy or unhappy† (Republic, 31). The two philosophers therefore share similar views on the nature of reason, happiness, justice, and virtue: all these concepts are interrelated and necessary for each other to exist. However, even though Aristotle gives a formal definition of the human function by the end of Book I in Nicomachean Ethics, Plato does not. He raises the question but the answer is not yet given.

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay

Mental Health Policy Thesis Statement Social Work Essay An abusive, compelling and dominating behavior in a dating relationship among the teenage youngsters is termed as dating violence. Students susceptible to dating violence suffer greatly in terms of their academic performance, social and extra-curricular activities. They may show poor results and isolate themselves from colleagues and friends. They may show lack of interest in extra-curricular activities. All these activities are results of poor mental health. Such students have a profound effect on their psyche due to being exposed to some kind of in-home violence in their childhood. They exhibit anger management disorders and have a history of aggressive or fighting attitude. An even greater consequence of dating violence may be suicides (Maryland School Mental Health Alliance). Background There may be several categories in dating violence like sexual, emotional, psychological or electronic. Physical violence may involve pushing, beating or grabbing ones partner. Psychological violence comprises of controlling behaviors like preventing him or her to involve with other people while electronic violence is the name-calling or bullying through texting. A latest survey has revealed that psychological and physical abuse is a common aspect of dating among the American youngsters. Among 1400 seventh grade students being interviewed by the researchers showed that about 37% of 11-14 year olds had been susceptible to some type of psychological violence while almost one sixth had experienced physical violence during an on-going relationship. About three-fourth of students had a boyfriend or a girlfriend during their middle school. The survey provided a number of conditions related to dating violence. Among the students being surveyed, there was a large number who believed that it is fine to hit ones girlfriend. A moderate number of them had undergone sexual harassment through physical or verbal means by touching in a wrong way or by joking (Dating Violence Common by 7th Grade). However, teenage dating violence is not restricted to westernized and industrialized countries. A study carried out on international level revealed that dating violence extended among males and females was high in all the countries under study. Dating violence was studied through a number of variables like assaulting a partner, depression, injury and sexual coercion. The behavioral acts that were reported in the study were hitting partner, pulling his/her arm or hair, using weapons to harm, burning him/her on purpose, forcing him/her on doing sex when he/she does not intend to do so etc. The rate of physical assault was higher in Asia, while it was significantly lower in New Zealand and Australia while victims of sexual coercion were greater in Canada and the United States (Chang et al.) Significance of Mental Health Mental health is a state of efficient performance of brain contributing to productive activities, healthy relationships with people and adaptability to changes and dealing with challenges in a better way. Mental disorders are considered to be health conditions that are attributed by mood swings related to stress or decreased functioning of brain. Mental disorders may lead to diverse complication which includes pain, disability or death. Mental illness is a broader term encompassing all the identifiable mental disorders. Mental disorders are a major contributor towards disability. The disease burden because of mental illness is the greatest among all diseases. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has reported that approximately 13 million American adults suffer from serious deliberating mental illnesses. Mental disorders contribute to 25% loss of life time through disability and premature mortality and in Canada and United States; they are leading cause of disability. Suicide is the 11th most dominant cause of death in America where it takes away almost 30,000 Americans. There is a strong correlation between mental and physical health. A good mind leads to good health. Ability of people to engage in health promoting activities reduces as a result of mental illnesses like depression and anxiety (Mental Health and Mental Disorders). Thus, it is really important to deal with mental health problems arising as a result of dating violence because in severe cases it may lead one to self-harm or even suicidal attempts. Aggression personality disorders are a common phenomenon with the victims of dating violence which involves increased expression of anger, anti-social behavior and self-harm personality disorder etc. About 20% of suicidal persons have a history of violence. Other than that, the victims of dating violence are more likely towards the use of drugs, alcohol and smoking which further deteriorates mental health. Also, there is a trend of using laxatives, dieting pills, fasting and binge eating for weight management among such individuals which lead to eating disorders. Also there is an increased risk of getting infected with sexually transmitted diseases like HIV because the individuals may fear the use of condom because of the violent partner and unprotected sex may lead to such diseases (Teen dating violenc e). Thus, to alleviate such symptoms and personality disorders among such people and other health associated risks, a mental health policy is demanded. Mental Health Policies Followed around the world A number of school and community based programs are operating. Most common are the primary prevention programs that aim at preventing abuse before it starts. The program emphasizes upon providing clear knowledge and suitable behaviors regarding the dating abuse. Its curriculum is based upon increasing awareness of dating violence, fighting violence beliefs, encourage help seeking and skill development in order to improve the communication strategies and management of conflicts (Teen dating violence-awareness and prevention). Such initiatives may lead to improvement of mental health. Other than program initiatives, there has been a limited reporting in the legal arena for reforms of legislative and judicial nature in dating violence. Only a small number of teen victims knock the door of law to seek legal remedies like protection orders against dating partners who are abusive. The local anti-violence non-profit organization Between Friends in Chicago is striving to offer counseling, legal aid and health-care awareness within the city to fight domestic violence (U.S. high schools unequipped). Novel ways are devised by the White House and Vice presidents office in order to prevent dating violence at the initial stages by providing assistance to young men for ending up violence. The Office of Adolescent Healths Pregnancy Assistance fund grants aims at improving services for the pregnant teens that are experiencing or at the stake of sexual or any other type of violence (Teen dating violence-awareness and prevention). Safe dates is a curriculum designed for high school and middle school students which is organized in a set of 10 sessions, each of which is almost of 50 minutes. This curriculum gives definitions on caring and sound relationships and also provides information on the dating abuse regarding its causes and effects. It teaches the students how to assist a friend who has an abusive dating partner. It describes the methods in which gender stereotypes affect dating relationships and explains in what ways sexual assault can be prevented. The curriculum comprises of a play on dating violence, poster presentation, and source material for parents and a general outline for teachers (Teen dating violence as a public health issue). My mental health policy proposal In my understanding, a mental health policy should first of all address the psychology of the middle and high school students. There should be a compulsory subject on issues related to dating violence. The teachers should observe the students keenly. If the psychological problems are observed in some students, they should be provided counseling in the school. Parents should also play an important role in dealing with dating violence. They should develop a strong bonding with the children so that they could share what is going on in their life. Also, the parents can then help them coping with their particular situations through their own lifes experiences. The peers are most aware of dating violence. So the peer groups should be educated about the negative and ill effects of it so that they can assist their friend who is experiencing it. The legislative body on part of dating violence should become more active and efficient in resolving the dating violence cases and there should be a system of penalties and punishment to those who commit this crime. Conclusion Dating violence is a serious and wide spread problem worldwide. Other than violating the human rights, it affects the physical, sexual, reproductive, mental, emotional and social welfare of individuals and families. Physical injury, abortion, sexually transmitted infections, mental disorders like aggression, anxiety and depression are the immediate and long term health effects associated with sating violence. Other than that, use of illicit drugs and smoking are very frequent among the victims of dating violence. A number of initiatives are being under taken by the U.S. government in order to eradicate this issue from the general population. The most important is the mental health policy that aims at improving the mental health of the susceptible individuals that in turn improves their physical health. With a healthy psychology, they can deal with life in a suitable way and serve their country as effective citizens.

The Moral Difference between Animals and Humans Essay -- Morals Ethics

The Moral Difference between Animals and Humans A moral issue is generally considered to be one which arises from the need to take another person's interests into consideration. However, by saying another person's interests this seems to rule out the interests of animals from the moral debate. Although many people do value animals, there are still others who consider animals as no more than a source of food. It could be argued that our primary moral obligations towards those people who value animals includes secondary obligations towards the animals they value. The problem then is that we have no secondary obligations towards those animals which are not valued by people. Consequently those animals would have no moral rights. Despite that argument we still feel that it is morally wrong to inflict certain actions, such as torture, on animals. We should, therefore, consider the possibility that animals do have moral rights. If we change the initial statement to read 'a moral issue is one which arises from the need to take another liv ing being's interests into consideration' we can then consider what gives a living being moral rights, and what moral difference there is between animals and humans. The interests of others may range from simple hobbies to caring for the sick. Obviously these interests have differing levels of moral importance. Although there are a number of moral principles that we could use as examples, let us consider two which are most relevant to animals and humans. They are, the right to individual freedom, and the right not to suffer harm from another. Humans expect these rights from each other, but do not necessarily grant them to animals. What is it then that gives humans these rights but not animals? Lan... ...a danger. But the animal's actions do not immediately change from watching to attacking. Instead, the bear moves from a state of watching to one of preparing for attack and displays this change in the form of prowling. During that process the bear is making a judgment which is displayed by either attacking or not attacking depending on whether or not I pose a danger. By not attacking, the bear is displaying consideration for an other which is a basic form of moral judgment. It could, therefore, be argued that to the extent that certain animals display similar behaviour they then deserve moral consideration from us. Bibliography Dennett, Daniel C. Brainchildren (Penguin, 1998) Essay 24 Klempner, G. Reason, Values and Conduct Unit 13 Raphael, D.D. Moral Philosophy (2nd edn OUP 1994) Sprigge, T.L.S. The Rational Foundation of Ethics (Routledge 1990)

Importance of Osborne in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff Essay -- Journeys

Importance of Osborne in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff From the very beginning of the play, Sheriff suggests to the audience that Osborne is the father figure and therefore that he is the voice of reason to the other men. We find out that Osborne is a middle-aged man with 'iron-grey hair'. Osborne however is physically in very good shape and is a 'tall, thin man' who is 'physically as hard as nails.' As Raleigh enters the audience sees a kind, caring side to Osborne. Sheriff puts across the ideas of Osborne being a family man through his calming conversation with Raleigh, where he tells Raleigh from what way he should look at the war. "There's something rather romantic about it all." Sheriff deliberately decides for the other characters in the play to call Osborne 'Uncle', this once again shows his maturity and that he quite responsible. He is always there when something needs to be done and he also very quick to volunteer to do any jobs that may come along. "I'll do the duty roll and see the sergeant major - and all that." For this the men respect him and therefore call him 'uncle'. Osborne is also quite affluent and may be seen as an intellect. This is shown by the fact that he is a teacher and that he doesn't jump to conclusions about people and their actions. The first time that the audience meets Osborne is in his conversation with Hardy who is the introducer of the play to the audience. The audience realises that Osborne is in the trench as he tries to take the men's thoughts away from the war and instead focus them of previous lives of things that have nothing to do with the war. "It's a nice looking sock." .. ... raiding party returns there is chaos amongst the ranks, this could possibly suggest that Stanhope and the other men require Osborne's experience in life and there seems to be a vast emptiness, this is shown by plenty of pauses followed by short, sharp conversations representing chaos. Tension is also built as Raleigh naively sits upon Raleigh's old bed. "Must you sit on Osborne's bed?" This shows that without the experienced, peacemaker, Osborne the men begin to have more heated arguments between themselves. In conclusion, therefore, Osborne added a sense of calmness to the abstract position that the men are put into. I believe that Sheriff has accomplished the task of catching the reader's eye through the voice of experience from Osborne. Work Cited Sherriff, R. C. Journey's End. New York: Brentano's, 1929.

Respecting Teachers Essay

Gender differences are beginning to appear in the content men and women are downloading to their mobile phones. Games are mainly downloaded by men, while women are leading the current craze for ringtones. The findings form part of a quarterly survey of mobile usage commissioned by mobile marketing firm Enpocket. The research also found that 3G video is slowly growing, though services are only being used by a small proportion of UK mobile phone owners. Less than 3% use 3G, up from just 1% a year ago. The research also found that 3G video is slowly growing, though services are only being used by a small proportion of UK mobile phone owners. Less than 3% use 3G, up from just 1% a year ago. Young audience Mobile gaming is proving more popular, with 1.9 million people (5.8%) downloading a game to their phone in the last three months. It is predominantly men – 58% – that are keen to play games on their phones, with the majority being under 34. Young women on the other hand are getting into ringtones. They make just more than half of the 5.9 million people who downloaded a ringtone to their phone in the previous three months. Most pop hits are available as ringtones, costing between  £1.50 and  £3.50 per download. It is estimated that  £70 million worth of ringtones were sold in 2003. They are becoming so popular that accountancy firm KPMG is to release a fortnightly chart on the 20 most popular ringtones. The fact that people are prepared to spend money and time downloading content to their mobiles is great news for mobile firms. â€Å"Mobile owners are getting to grips with the more advanced features on handsets, beyond SMS,† said the chief executive of Enpocket Jonathon Linner. There are some things for companies offering 3G services to ponder though. As well as the low number of people using existing services, the survey found that less than 40% of those that own a 3G handset were actually using 3G services.

Language learning styles used by students in globalization

English linguistic communication is truly considered as a important linguistic communication since it has been used for pass oning worldwide. Therefore, larning English is really common in many states and linguistic communication acquisition manners are used by pupils in globalisation. Language learning manners are the nucleus factors that help make up one's mind how the pupils learn a foreign linguistic communication. A foreign linguistic communication is a linguistic communication studied in an environment where it is non the major vehicle for every twenty-four hours communicating and where input in the linguistic communication is classified ( Rebecca, 2003 ) . In an article by Mulalic et Al. ( 2009 ) , pupils larning manners have been unnoticed as an irrelevant faculty in the acquisition procedure. Apparently, one time lecturers become cognizant that different pupils learn assorted manners, they try to suit those learning manners in the schoolroom. When looking into lectors ‘ instruction patterns, it is possible to understand that the bulk of the lectors are non sensitive with their pupils larning manners. The jobs occur when lectors are non cognizant of the significance to make and research acquisition manners. Harmonizing to Felder ( 1996 ) , how much pupils learn in the category is determined partly by the pupils ‘ ability and anterior readying, and the capableness of their acquisition manners and the lector ‘s instruction manners. More specifically, Godleski et Al. ( 1984 ) , the pupils tend to be bored and inattentive in category, do ill on trials, acquire discouraged about the class, and may reason that they are non good at the topic of the class and give it up. In a research survey by Izzo ( 1980 ) , confirmed that the size of category is an of import physical factor which influences the pick of method, decreases the sum of single attending that the instructor gives to each pupil. However, she argued that little categories are preferred for linguistic communication acquisition and correlated significantly with linguistic communication accomplishment. In the research article by Tan ( 2008 ) , identified the chief troubles and jobs of EFL scholars in authorship by analysing the nature of their writing mistakes. The outstanding causes of the mistakes were attributable to the restriction of vocabulary size, low grammar apprehension and obstructor from first linguistic communication. In the determination of the survey, six effectual instructional schemes were suggested so that instructors can follow a more successful attack to better pupils ‘ composing proficiency such as acquisition words, instruction of cardinal sentence construction, demoing reading method, rectifying mistake and category meeting, apprehension of first linguistic communication intervention, and composing inducement. Since English linguistic communication has been introduced in Cambodia, EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners have adapted to the linguistic communication acquisition. In the past pupils were likely to acquire cognition through listening to the instructors while instructors lacked specific developing about learning methodological analysis. In the survey by ( Nguyen 2001 ) , the learning manner of Kampuchean pupils is typically memorisation at the disbursal of realistic intent. Consequently, they would instead larn grammar and reading than on hearing and speech production. Specifically, most Kampuchean scholars feel more comfy and gratifying with holding things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can compose them down and survey at place. Hopefully, pupils hope to acquire press releases of sum-ups or talk lineations. Furthermore, some Kampuchean scholars reveal that they face a batch of force per unit areas of how to accommodate the new cultural environment and how to acquire on with their equals in category. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so different. As for the instance of EFL Cambodian schoolrooms, Keuk ( 2009 ) , found that most instructors use practical accustomed learning methods such as vocabulary interlingual rendition from 2nd linguistic communication to first linguistic communication. As a consequence, pupils are taught to retrieve balls of English linguistic communication with chiefly focused on grammar and vocabulary.1.2 Problem statementWithout acknowledging proper acquisition manners, pupils seem non to accomplish better consequences in their academic public presentation. Furthermore, pupils are less likely to better their linguistic communication acquisition really rapidly, as they do non cognize the effectual acquisition manners. In malice of the assortment of academic classs which the EFL university pupils take in English, and the tough attempts universities and lectors apply to develop pupils ‘ linguistic communication accomplishments, the pupils ‘ linguistic communication public presentation, unluckil y, has been boring. This could be recognized to the diverse acquisition manners and wonts which are used by pupils in analyzing English, including preferring holding things written on the whiteboard to listening to the lectors ‘ account, jitteriness of speech production in schoolroom, preferring grammar interlingual rendition signifier foremost linguistic communication to 2nd linguistic communication while larning English linguistic communication, and preferring working separately and personally to working in braces or groups. Didactically, most of the lectors pattern traditional instruction method, grammar interlingual rendition method signifier foremost linguistic communication to 2nd linguistic communication while learning English linguistic communication. The concluding noticeable job is that big categories pose some important challenges in category room scene and decreased effectivity of schoolroom direction.1.3 Aims of the surveyThis survey aims specifically to place the acquisition manners of EFL private university pupils in Cambodia. More interestingly, this survey intends to research the grounds why Kampuchean university pupils use different manners in their learning English as a foreign linguistic communication.1.4 Research inquiriesThis research aims to look into the effectual factors in larning English as a foreign linguistic communication. The undermentioned research inquiries can be formulated for the survey below. 1. How do Kampuchean university pupils describe their acquisition manners used in larning English as a Foreign Language? 2. Why do the pupils use different manners in their acquisition English?1.5 Significance of the StudyAs a portion of educational development, this survey is important for four grounds. First, researching pupils ‘ acquisition manners in English in Cambodian higher instruction will assist better pupil ‘s linguistic communication acquisition. Second, the survey will cast visible radiation on the effectual acquisition manners of EFL successful Cambodian university pupils, which can be used as a theoretical account of larning English. Third, this research will assist to lend to the utility of appropriate vocabulary instruction and larning techniques in order to advance vocabulary acquisition, peculiarly in EFL Cambodian context. In add-on, from a methodological perceptual experience, it is besides hoped that the findings from this survey will be utile for supplying meaningful suggestions for get the better ofing the jobs that may originate sing the acquisition manners of pupil s and how to suit assorted scholars in EFL schoolroom.16 Definition of cardinal footingsIn an effort to better understand this survey, some cardinal footings are defined as follows. EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners mean techniques, behaviours, actions, wonts and stairss employed by scholars larning English as a Foreign Language to better and develop their different linguistic communication accomplishments: speech production, listening, reading, and composing. Furthermore, the term larning manner refers to the general attack preferred by the pupil when larning a topic, geting a linguistic communication, or covering with a hard job ( Oxford 2001 ; Reid 1998 )1.7 Proposed ChapterThis paper will be chronologically composed of five chief chapters. Chapter one is the debut, dwelling of background of the survey, research worker job, research aim, research inquiry, significance of the survey, and definition of cardinal constructs. Chapter two is literature reappraisal, which discusses on the jobs and solutions of the survey. Chapter three is methodological analysis, which consists of research design, participants, method, instruments, tools informations aggregatio n, information analysis, cultural consideration, strengths and restriction of research. Chapter four is treatment and findings of the survey, analysing the informations collected from the interviews. Chapter five is decision and recommendation, sum uping the jobs and findings of the survey and proposing some schemes to assist better the failings. Furthermore, these five chapters are followed consistently by mentions and appendices.CHAPTER2REVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1. Specifying acquisition mannersIn a survey by Aqel & A ; Mahmoud ( 2006 ) determined EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners which are used in An-Najah National University. Consequently, the consequence of the findings suggested a assortment of learning English manners, including altering pupils ‘seats, bring forthing effectual activities, and utilizing ocular AIDSs, which are suited with larning manners used by pupils. Furthermore, the research workers suggested computing machine as a necessary class in English Departm ent and Department of Teaching Methods which give its successful undertaking in doing pupils rely on themselves to develop their linguistic communication proficiency. Besides, the research worker proposes that a survey should be conducted at other universities to detect the usage of larning manners of EFL pupils and the nexus between these manners and pupil ‘s features. In the research survey by Marin ( 2003 ) , the focal point of the probe was on the linguistic communication acquisition manners looking that pupils face linguistic communication troubles with great accomplishment but with small attempts. However, other pupils faced these troubles with a small success and satisfaction. Besides, this article proved that each scholar had his/her good manner of larning through his/her civilization, educational background and personality. Heffernan ( 1999 ) as cited in Aqel ( 2006 ) , determined that many surveies on linguistic communication acquisition manners applied and gained otherwise base on motive and result, degree of linguistic communication, old ages of learning linguistic communication, learning methods, hard content, and pupils ‘ background and sex. He besides added that successful linguistic communication scholars use assorted manners in larning linguistic communication, and the instructor can assist in increasing acquisition manners through learning schemes that likely help weak pupils to take the appropriate acquisition manners for dissimilar educational undertakings.2.2 Learning manners in schoolroomThe schoolroom still remains a good and comfy topographic point for pupils in larning their linguistic communication. Specifically, pupils ‘ acquisition manners have to be taken into history while learning English. In a survey by ( Haynes, 2001 ) , the linguistic communication scholars use certa in manners, particularly in their female parent lingua while larning their linguistic communication, and these manners are transferred when they learn a foreign linguistic communication. Similarly, several surveies ( Oxford 1993 ; O'Malley and Chamot, 1990 ) showed that pupils of linguistic communications used assorted larning techniques such as memorisation, repeat, and imitation, development of positive feeling to linguistic communication and application of information. In a research survey by ( Hayes, 1997 ; Strevens, 1978 ; Harmer, 1983 ) , big English categories are frequently related to miss of control and concentration, break, schoolroom interaction, peculiarly deficiency in the ability to talk English fluently. Furthermore, overcrowded category is one of the restraints on effectual instruction and acquisition. Besides, big categories cut down instructor ‘s attending, produces existent physical uncomfortableness and distraction that negatively affect scholar ‘s attitudes towards their acquisition. Bloom ( 1976 ) , making chances for little category group work which helps each other and proves to be a utile manner to actuate pupils and right mistakes. He besides believed that the size of the group is one of the chief elements which influences in linguistic communication acquisition. In covering with the jobs associated with big categories, Nnaji ( 1991 ) proposed tutorial categories as a solution to assist cut down the threat of big categories. She accepted as the truth that tutorial categories should be used to shorten the defects of big categories. Harmonizing to her, tutorials are debate Sessionss where instructors and pupils talk to each other and show their positions on subjects they did non wholly understand The learning manner of Kampuchean pupils is typically memorisation at the disbursal of realistic intent. Consequently, they would instead larn grammar and reading than on hearing and speech production. Specifically, most Kampuchean scholars feel more comfy and gratifying with holding things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can compose them down and survey at place. Hopefully, pupils hope to acquire press releases of sum-ups or talk lineations. Furthermore, some Kampuchean scholars reveal that they face a batch of force per unit areas of how to accommodate the new cultural environment and how to acquire on with their equals in category. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so different. ( Nguyen 2001 ) However, a figure of personality features have been associated with successful linguistic communication acquisition. These include being willing to take hazards ( Ruben 1979 as cited in Willis 2001 ) , holding self-confident ( Heyde as cited in Freeman and Long 1991 ) , and being interested ( Ellis and Sinclair as cited in Willis 2001 )2.3 Vocabulary acquisitionIn larning a foreign linguistic communication, vocabulary plays a critical function. It is one factor tie ining with the four accomplishments such as speech production, listening, reading and composing. In a research article by Mohd et Al. ( 2009 ) , investigated the rating larning vocabulary schemes of undergraduate EFL scholars and its relation to the scholars ‘ vocabulary size. There are five assorted classs of vocabulary larning schemes such as finding, memory, societal, cognitive, and metacognitive. Consequently, the findings of this survey led to some suggestions to better pupils ‘ vocabulary acquisition, dev eloped their vocabulary size, and enhanced their English acquisition. As for the instance of EFL Cambodian schoolrooms, Keuk ( 2009 ) , found that most instructors use practical accustomed learning methods such as vocabulary interlingual rendition from 2nd linguistic communication to first linguistic communication. Therefore, pupils are taught to memorise balls of English linguistic communication with chiefly focused on grammar and vocabulary. Maghsodi et Al. ( 2010 ) , reading should be encouraged either inside or outside category because it is the most of import tool which helps supply scholars with the vocabulary acquisition. It is believed that the more scholars are exposed to new words, they more they are likely to retrieve them. In the survey by Minji ( 2008 ) , explored which vocabulary direction is more helpful for larning English vocabulary. Consequently, each instructional attack is required to analyze, reappraisal, and integrate to find the utility as a whole. In the visible radiation of the major findings of this survey is that vocabulary direction is effectual overall for EFL scholars even though there are some instructional attacks which are non related to effectual acquisition. Harmonizing to National Reading Panel ( 2000 ) , helped find the effectual deductions of vocabulary direction for first linguistic communication scholars, including learning vocabulary both straight and indirectly, the importance of repeat and multiple exposures to vocabulary points, reconstituting vocabulary undertakings, and implying active battle in larning undertakings for vocabulary.2.4 Grammar acquisitionGrammar is viewed as an indispensable component for communicating to take topographic point because it identifies how linguistic communication is used. Harmonizing to Larsen et Al. ( 1997 ) , the misinterpretation of the function of grammar is recognized to the fact that it is ever considered to be governed by many fixed regulations. As for the instance of Mat et Al. ( 2010 ) , turn outing the assorted between the methodological outlooks and the scholars in contrast to the existent instruction methodological analysis followed by their teachers. More significantly, this research article focuses on the five facets medium of direction, including grammar direction, teachers as theoretical account, the utility of boring, apery and memorisation, and the usage of educational tools which is pertained to the foreign linguistic communication methodological analysis. In the determination of the survey, a serious divergency between pupils ‘ mentality and their existent schoolroom in footings of how grammar is instructed. Besides, grammar regulations should be explained and should non be trained and taught explicitly.2.5 Reading mannersReading involves a assortment of factors which may hold an impact on scholars ‘ reading ability. Weaver ( 1988 ) defined reading as the procedure of building intending through the e nergetic interaction among the reader ‘s bing cognition, the information recommended by the written linguistic communication, and the state of affairs in reading context. In a survey by ( Miller & A ; Yochum, 1991 ; Donnell & A ; Wood, 1999 ) , maintained that the reading troubles pupils face may be related to inaccurate cognition of the reading procedure, deficiency involvement and motive, eloquence, construct denseness, organisation, and hard vocabulary. Comprehension or reading schemes show how readers conceive of a undertaking, how they make sense of what they read, and what they do when they do non understand. In short, such schemes are procedures used by the scholar to heighten reading comprehension and overcome comprehension failures ( Singhal, 2001 ) . In a 2nd linguistic communication survey, Hosenfeld ( 1977 ) used a think-aloud process to place dealingss between certain types of reading schemes and successful or unsuccessful 2nd linguistic communication reading. The successful reader, for case, kept the significance of the transition in head while reading and skipped less of import words but the unsuccessful reader lost the significance of the sentences when decoded and rarely skipped unimportant words.2.6 Speaking mannersSpeaking is a key for pass oning worldwide. It is the productive accomplishment in linguistic communication acquisition, which places a great demand on pupils ‘ logical and critical thought. In the article by Widiati ( 2006 ) , discussed jobs in the instruction of EFL speech production, activities usually practiced, stuffs normally used in EFL speech production categories, and appraisal of unwritten English proficiency. Based on the determination, Indonesian scholars often have non achieved a good degree of ora1 English proficiency. For illustration, Mukminatien ( 1999 ) showed that pupils of English section have a batch of errors while talking. The errors consist of pronunciation, grammatical truth, vocabulary, eloquence, and synergistic communicating. Likewise, Ihsan ( 1999 ) found in his survey that pupils are likely to do mistakes, including the abuse of parts of address, syntactical building, lexical pick, and voice. Ihsan et Al. ( 1999 as cited in Eyiyuliwati 1997 ) , showed that pupils had troubles in utilizing grammar and in using new vocabulary points in talking category. When the ability to talk English is a really hard undertaking sing to the nature of what is included in speech production. Not all of the pupils in an EFL speech production category have the courage to talk. Many of the pupils feel nervous in a speech production category and some are likely to maintain silent. In the research by Padmadewi ( 1998 ) proved that pupils go toing a speech production category frequently felt dying because of demands from the speech production undertakings necessitating them to make presentation separately and spontaneously within restriction of clip. While Tutyandari ( 2005 ) , stated that pupils maintain quiet due to the deficiency of autonomy, prior, cognition about subjects, and hapless relationship between instructor and scholar. In order to cover with pupils ‘ limited cognition, she recommended talking instructors make active the pupils ‘ anterior cognition by inquiring inquiries associating to subjects under argument. Besides, she suggest ed that pupils ‘ self-pride can be improved and their jitteriness reduced by inquiring them to work in little groups. To accomplish a higher quality of the instruction of EFL speech production and to better the speech production accomplishment of Indonesian EFL scholars, Mukminatien ( 1999 ) , suggested instructors give their scholars more equal input for acquisition in the schoolroom and force them to utilize English either in or outside the schoolroom. More specifically, Citraniugtyas ( 2005 ) stated that a soundless speech production category can be made more active by delegating undertakings which develop pupils ‘ critical thought accomplishments. Purjayanti ( 2003 ) found presentation to be helpful to promote pupils to pass on thoughts in their Fieldss of survey. She added that through presentation and its readying pupils were able non merely to pattern speech production, but besides to seek for stuffs and present them in a planned manner. Small group treatment is an extra activity that can be conducted in EFL speech production schoolroom. Its purpose is to ease scholars to be participated actively in a treatment refering with pupils ‘ limited figure. In a survey of Murdibjono ( 2001 ) demonstrated that discoursing in little groups is an effectual activity so that pupils have more clip to pattern talking with their schoolmates.2.7 Listening mannersListening is a critical component in the competent linguistic communication public presentation of EFL university pupils. Therefore, listening comprehension is an of import sill, every bit good as requirement for unwritten proficiency. In the survey of Goh ( 1997 ) , troubles to listening compaction can be divided into individual cognition and undertaking cognition. The obstructions of individual cognition are: the restriction of vocabulary, idiomatic look, sorts of input with new construction, fast address. While the undertaking cognition related to new vocabulary, ass orted local speech patterns, address rate, the involvement and intent of listening, bing cognition and experience, physical factors, and the length of sentence construction. However, he suggested two schemes for assisting scholars become better hearer. The first is direct scheme ; it aims at increasing perceptual experiences. Learners L2 can better the hearing by practising perceptual experiences sound, content, pronunciation of new words, words, and modulation characteristics. The 2nd is the indirect scheme ; its purpose is to better cognition about talkers, undertakings, and scheme. Harmonizing Hann ( 2000 ) , the usage of uneffective larning schemes of scholars may impact their hearing comprehension and scholars ‘ experience. Assorted sorts of listening comprehension may do some jobs due to the insufficiency of the message from factors associating to the talkers ‘ address, and to the scholar proficiency in listening comprehension. Furthermore, it was found that EFL scholars are ill equipped with effectual hearing schemes, accomplishments, activities. To assist better better the hearing comprehension, in a survey by Wen-sheng ( 2007 ) , conducted in China, hearing is really important input, but many of the pupils in Chaozhou Normal College, Hanshan Normal University, and Chaozhou Guangdong were upset with listening. In the determination of the survey, there were a batch of important listening techniques which were neglected by instructors. However, a research worker suggests that more listening schemes should be taught in categories and learning program is given.2.8 Writing mannersIn the article by Hafida ( 2010 ) , conducted in Tlemsen, Algeria, analyze both the university demands for the English academic grade in Algeria, and pupils ‘ demands so as to better a pedagogical model that would react both exigencies. As a consequence of the probe, the research worker suggested the execution of a scheme such as based authorship course of study for EFL university pupils that would develop their strategic competency and consolidate their lingual cognition. Since the Chinese pupils ‘ hapless communicative ability in unwritten and written English, there is a concern in English instruction and acquisition in China. In the article by Yan ( 2006 ) explored a successful method so as to develop pupils ‘ speech production ability. As a consequence of the determination, Scenario-based Learning, two brooding theoretical accounts are introduced to better the unwritten and composing in English. Scenario-Based Learning ( SBL ) is a structured method for calculating out some issues impacting the lives of specific persons or groups of persons. Besides, It confronts pupils with an of import context based on existent life state of affairs which requires them to take portion in an imagined series of events. In the survey by Osman ( 2010 ) , investigates the troubles faced by novice academic authors and proposes recommendations to assist these authors to be better collaborative authors. In the determination of the survey, novice authors have troubles during their collaborative authorship, including inability to work with their spouses, hapless linguistic communication proficiency, hapless research accomplishments, holding limited clip to discourse, missing thoughts, confronting emphasis during collaborative authorship, ; hence, it is suggested that the university and the lectors should supply them with the chances of ( 1 ) supplying intensive reading plan ; ( 2 ) learning interpersonal accomplishments ; ( 3 ) instruction clip direction ; ( 4 ) supplying pre-collaborative writing Sessionss ; ( 5 ) supplying pre-collaborative writing Sessionss ; ( 6 ) and supplying teacher/ equal aid Harmonizing to Bereiter and Scardamalia ( 1987 ) as cited in Rouiller ( 2005 ) , composing by and large suffers from deficiency of interaction that stimulates unwritten production in conversation. However, to guarantee successful acquisition, Lam & A ; Wong ( 2000 ) as cited in Lourdunathan & A ; Menon ( 2005 ) , believe that scholars should show appropriate concerted behaviour and peer support. It is necessary because some pupils have troubles in forming their thoughts and are weak in English linguistic communication every bit good. This can impede them from take parting in their collaborative work.Chapter 3Methodology3.1Research designSince the purpose of this survey significantly focuses on a private university in Cambodia, the research worker will utilize a qualitative attack. The research worker will research the acquisition manners of EFL Cambodian university pupils. The instance survey method tends to consistently look into an event or a set of related events with the specific purposes of depicting and explicating this phenomenon. ( Berg, 2009 )3.2 ParticipantsThis is a instance survey which explores the acquisition manners of Kampuchean university pupils. The participants of this survey will be selected from a private university in Phnom Penh. The sample will dwell of 6 pupils, who are analyzing English Literature in that university. Besides, the research worker will take both female and male pupils. Before carry oning interviews, the research worker will do an assignment and advise the grounds of visit to the Rector of University.3.3 InstrumentWith the intent of acquiring trusty information, unstructured interview, informal conversation and participant observation will be used in order to obtain dependable informations. Interviews will be taped and open-ended inquiries ( see below appendix for inside informations ) . In add-on to the above interviews, category observation will be utile tool to obtain informations. The observation checklist will fundame ntally concentrate on pupils larning manners both in schoolroom and outside schoolroom.3.4 Data CollectionSince the qualitative informations aggregation process requires the research to plunge wholly in the nature scene, the research worker will transport out unstructured interview after observation and taking notes. The interviews will dwell of open-ended inquiries and tape-recording ( see Appendix below ) for the inside informations. Prior to transporting out the interviews, the research worker will inquire permission from university curate and pupils. The research worker expects each interview will take around 50 proceedingss and occur in the university or outside the university. The options for choosing site for interview will be provided for the participants because it helps cut down the participants ‘ troubles. Furthermore, the survey aim will be verbally informed to participants before carry oning interviews. With permission from participants, the research worker will u tilize tape-recording to enter the whole interviews. The research worker might inquire different participants to reply the inquiries based on their penchant. The research worker will personally detect English pupils utilizing participant observation techniques. The observation will fundamentally concentrate on pupils larning manners in schoolroom. The pupils will be asked to supply their responses about the acquisition manners of EFL Cambodian university pupils based on their thoughts. The experimental protocol will include the descriptive activities in the scene and brooding thoughts from the research worker. Besides these observations, informal conversation will be made with participants in order to obtain deeply their perceptual experiences about linguistic communication acquisition manners. The research worker may take a few brief notes in the field puting but take notes of learning techniques and behaviours after observation.3.5 Data AnalysisThe research worker will form and fi x the information for analysis every bit shortly as the information has been collected from the participants. Then the research worker will pass tonss of clip reading all informations and listening to tape entering in order to cancel the irrelevant information. Next, the research worker will code the text to categorise the information. Furthermore, relationship of informations will be identified to construe the significance of informations collected. Finally, in order to guarantee the dependability and cogency of informations, the research worker will seek to reread the informations and inquire researcher squad to look into the information. Furthermore, matrixes and graphs will be specifically presented. Therefore, they will visualise the troubles of Kampuchean EFL pupils ‘ acquisition manners3.6 Ethical ConsiderationTo successfully carry on this survey, the research worker will take into consideration about some precautions. First, the consent signifier will be given to the p articipants to subscribe if they truly agree to fall in in the survey. Second, the intent of this survey will be clearly informed to participants in order to construct common apprehension and resonance. Third, the research worker will deeply state the participants that their engagement will be voluntary and halting from interviews will be the participants ‘ pick. Finally, the research worker will maintain informations collected in secret topographic point which no 1 besides research worker will hold entree to acquire it. Furthermore, I will convey together the names of participants but maintain them confidential. Personal identifiers will be released to the populace in a manner that protects the designation of participants.3.7 Limitation of ResearchThis survey is guided with the undermentioned restrictions, which affect the generalization of the determination. First, the survey merely focuses on university English pupils in Department of English. Second, the survey may be limi ted in its analysis or generalization as it will be conducted in one Kampuchean private university, in which 6students will be selected. Third, since this survey will chiefly research merely of import acquisition manners, some points might be ignored. However, the intent of this survey is non to supply the wide generalisation but to research the acquisition manners of Kampuchean university pupils in a private university in Phnom Penh. Therefore, the above-named combination fortunes might restrict understanding and rating ; nevertheless, these are by and large overwhelmed and controlled by the research design.